Spontaneous facial expression were induced through well-validated methods to elicit expressions of emotion. Facial features were tracked in both 2D and 3D domains and in a diverse array of subjects.
Background
Emotions are complex responses to significant internal and external events. They are states of feeling that result in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. One behavioral change is facial expression, which has been studied extensively over the past few decades. Facial expression varies with a person’s emotions according to differences in terms of culture, personality, age, context, and environment, and it is central to the human experience.
Currently, most approaches to automatic facial expression analysis attempt to recognize a set of prototypic emotional expressions (e.g., anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise), however efficient and valid measurement of these expressions is a challenge. Many studies about emotion use “acting” or “emotion portrayals” in a restricted sense by recording subjects who are expressing emotions instructed by scripts, resulting in posed and exaggerated facial actions that may occur only rarely in daily life.
Technology Overview
To address the need for a well-annotated, dynamic 3D video of spontaneous facial behavior in response to meaningful and varied emotion inductions, Binghamton University researchers have developed several 3D databases, including a synchronized multimodal dataset, for the community of researchers in automated facial expression analysis. Yin’s group used a series of effective tasks for authentic emotion induction. The tasks include social interviews between previously unacquainted people (one a naïve subject and the other a professional actor/director), pre-designed activities (e.g., games), viewing of film clips, a cold pressor test to elicit pain, social challenge to elicit anger followed by reparation, and olfactory stimulation to elicit disgust. Well-experienced, certified FACS coders annotated the video. Additionally, person-specific and generic face tracking was performed. The new 3D spontaneous dynamic facial expression database is the first of its kind and intended for use in the research community.
In addition to facial 3D expression analysis, thermal (infrared) sensing, electrical conductivity, respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, and brain activity (through an electroencephalogram) may be analyzed to further comprehend emotional behavior associated with facial expressions.
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